Arch of Trajan

The Arch of Trajan, known locally as the Arco di Traiano, stands proudly in Benevento, Italy, as a testament to the grandeur and architectural prowess of the Roman Empire. Erected in 114 AD in honor of Emperor Trajan, this monumental arch celebrates the opening of the Via Traiana, a new route that provided a more direct path from Benevento to Brindisi, complementing the older Appian Way. Remarkably well-preserved, the Arch of Trajan offers visitors a glimpse into the past, adorned with intricate reliefs that tell tales of both war and peace, glory and governance.

The Historical Significance

The Arch of Trajan is not just a marvel of Roman architecture but also a rich historical artifact. Constructed between 114 and 117 AD, it was integrated into the city's northern walls during the Lombard period, earning the name Porta Aurea. The arch stood adjacent to the Church of Saint Hilary, which now serves as an exhibition hall. Over the centuries, the arch has endured the ravages of time and multiple earthquakes, necessitating several restorations. Notable restorations occurred under Pope Urban VIII and in the years 1661, 1713, and 1792. In 1850, Pope Pius IX ordered the removal of surrounding buildings, allowing the arch to stand isolated, free from urban encroachment, and in a landscaped setting.

Architectural Grandeur

The Arch of Trajan is constructed from limestone blocks, covered with Parian marble sculptures. Standing at an impressive height of 15.60 meters and spanning 8.60 meters in length, the arch features a single vault. At each corner, engaged Corinthian columns support the entablature, which is crowned by an attic that overhangs the central part of the arch. The architectural details and sculptural decorations are a testament to the skill and artistry of Roman craftsmen.

Sculptural Decorations

The arch is adorned with high-relief sculptures that depict a variety of scenes, both civil and military. The reliefs on the two main facades have distinct themes: the city-facing side portrays peace and providence towards the citizens, while the outer side depicts war and the emperor's providence towards the provinces. Together, these reliefs form a comprehensive political program. The lower zone showcases the emperor's entourage, while the attic primarily features gods and heroes.

Notable among the reliefs are the scenes of Trajan's triumph over the Dacians, depicted in a frieze on the entablature. The attic bears a dedicatory inscription and two high-relief panels: on the outer side, the left panel depicts rural provincial deities, while the right panel shows the founding of provincial colonies. On the city-facing side, the left panel portrays Trajan being welcomed by the Capitoline Triad, and the right panel shows him presiding over the annona, the grain supply to the Roman people.

The Inner Passage Reliefs

Inside the arch, the reliefs reflect significant events for Benevento and its surroundings. One side depicts a scene of sacrifice (pietas erga deos), while the other shows the feeding of children in need (pietas erga homines), highlighting Trajan's role in the institution of alimentaria, a welfare program for children. The vault of the arch is decorated with coffers, and at the center, Trajan is crowned by Victory, symbolizing his triumphs and divine favor.

The Outer Facade Reliefs

The outer facade, facing the countryside, emphasizes the empire's provinces and borders. The lower left relief shows the emperor with four barbarians, with Jupiter standing between them, symbolizing the security of the borders through agreements with neighboring peoples. The lower right relief depicts the emperor with three men, likely members of the Roman army, representing his vigilance over the military even in times of peace. The middle left relief features a soldier, symbolizing the levies under Trajan's rule, while the middle right relief shows a woman with a mural crown plowing the land, symbolizing fertility and the emperor's care for the provinces.

The Dedicatory Inscription

The attic of the arch bears an inscription dedicated to Emperor Trajan, celebrating his numerous titles and achievements. The inscription reads: To the Emperor Caesar, son of the divine Nerva, Nerva Traianus Optimus Augustus, conqueror of the Germans and Dacians, high priest, invested with tribunitian power for the eighteenth time, proclaimed imperator for the seventh time, consul for the sixth time, father of the fatherland, the Senate and the people of Rome.

The Arch of Trajan in Benevento is not just a monument; it is a narrative etched in stone, a celebration of an emperor's achievements, and a symbol of Roman architectural and artistic excellence. As you stand before this ancient arch, you are transported back in time, witnessing the grandeur of an empire that once ruled the known world. A visit to the Arch of Trajan is a journey through history, an experience that leaves you in awe of the legacy of Rome.