Washington County Courthouse

Standing as a testament to the rich history and architectural splendor of Fayetteville, Arkansas, the Washington County Courthouse is an iconic landmark that captures the essence of the early 20th century. This historic courthouse, constructed in 1905, is the fifth building to serve the county's judicial needs and has been a central figure in the skyline of Fayetteville, alongside other historic structures like Old Main. The courthouse’s grand architecture and storied past make it a must-visit for anyone interested in the history and culture of Washington County.

The History of Washington County Courthouse

Washington County was established on October 17, 1828, by the Arkansas General Assembly, with Fayetteville designated as the county seat. The courthouse's journey began in earnest when County Judge Millard Berry took office in 1900. Recognizing the inadequacies of the existing 1868 brick courthouse, Judge Berry spearheaded efforts to raise funds for a new building. The City of Fayetteville contributed $5,000 to the Courthouse Sinking Fund, and in return, they were promised office space within the new courthouse.

The historic courthouse was strategically built along the former Butterfield Overland Mail route, a significant stagecoach route that had contributed to Fayetteville's growth in the mid-1800s. Unfortunately, Judge Berry fell ill with typhoid fever during his tenure, and J.H. McIlroy took over the project. In 1904, McIlroy enlisted the services of Little Rock architect Charles L. Thompson, and the courthouse was constructed by George Donaghey of Conway for slightly less than the $100,000 budget.

Construction and Early Use

The cornerstone of the courthouse was laid on October 1, 1904, amidst a grand ceremony attended by over 2,000 people. A time capsule containing coins, documents, and newspapers was also set during the event. Limestone from Carroll and Madison Counties was used in the construction, and local businesses provided furniture, carpets, and essential systems like water and septic. The courthouse officially opened on May 4, 1905, although the circuit court had already met there weeks earlier.

Despite its grandeur, the courthouse faced numerous challenges in its early years, including structural issues, overcrowding, and maintenance problems. By the 1920s, the building required significant repairs, including roof fixes and the removal of the clock tower steeple deemed dangerous. The courthouse continued to serve the county's needs, albeit with ongoing issues, until the 1980s when a new courthouse building was acquired to better accommodate the growing administrative demands.

Architectural Marvel

The Washington County Courthouse is a prime example of Richardsonian Romanesque architecture, characterized by its round-top arches, conical-roofed towers, and intricate brickwork. The building features three stories and a basement, a grand staircase, and a hydraulic elevator. The basement originally housed the offices promised to the City of Fayetteville, while the second floor contained court clerks' offices, the county judge's office, a vault, and three outdoor porches. The third floor boasted a large courtroom with a slanted floor, jury rooms, judge chambers, and a porch. The fourth floor provided access to the clock/bell tower.

Inside, the courthouse is adorned with glazed brick fireplaces in all offices and ceramic mosaic floor tiles in the foyers and corridors. One of the building's notable features is a mural dedicated to Washington County residents who died in World War I, completed in 1920 by artist William Steene. Additionally, the courthouse houses the Freedom Shrine, which includes replicas of important historical documents such as the Mayflower Compact and the Declaration of Independence.

Later Years and Preservation

In the 1950s, as parking became scarce and the building's structural issues persisted, efforts to build a new courthouse gained momentum. The adjacent National Guard Armory was purchased in 1968, and incremental improvements were made under County Judge Vol Lester, leading to the courthouse's listing on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. However, it wasn't until 1989 that significant renovations began, culminating in the purchase of the First South Centre, which became the new Washington County Courthouse in 1994.

Today, the historic Washington County Courthouse serves as a repository for county records, preserving its legacy while the new courthouse handles the county's administrative functions. Visitors to Fayetteville can marvel at this architectural gem, reflecting on its storied history and the pivotal role it has played in Washington County's development.

In conclusion, the Washington County Courthouse is not just a building; it is a symbol of the county's resilience and growth. Its walls echo the past, telling stories of judicial proceedings, community efforts, and architectural ingenuity. Whether you're a history enthusiast, an architecture aficionado, or a curious traveler, a visit to this courthouse is a journey through time, offering a glimpse into the heart of Washington County's heritage.