Marienkirche

Nestled in the charming town of Gelnhausen in Hessen, Germany, the Marienkirche stands as a testament to the rich history and architectural prowess of the medieval era. This magnificent church, constructed in the Romanesque-Gothic transitional style, is not only the largest church in Gelnhausen but also its most iconic landmark. As the main church of the Evangelical congregation of Gelnhausen, it belongs to the church district of Kinzigtal within the Evangelical Church of Kurhessen-Waldeck.

The Historical Context of Marienkirche

The history of Marienkirche is deeply intertwined with the founding of Gelnhausen itself, which was established as an imperial city by Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa in 1170. The construction of the church began shortly thereafter, starting with the West Tower. This period also saw the construction of two other significant medieval buildings in Gelnhausen: the Roman House, which served as the seat of the imperial bailiff, and the Kaiserpfalz (Imperial Palace).

The earliest written mention of Marienkirche dates back to 1223 in a document by Pope Honorius III. By 1238, the church was referred to as ecclesia sancte Marie in Geylenhusen, indicating that it was largely completed by then. The church's parish rights were secured by the Premonstratensian canons of Selbold, and these rights were later purchased by the town of Gelnhausen in 1543 following the devastation of the Selbold Monastery during the Peasants' War of 1525.

The Architectural Journey

The Marienkirche is a masterpiece of the Rhenish transitional style, combining late Romanesque and early Gothic architectural elements. The construction of the church progressed from west to east, with the West Tower being completed around 1195 in a purely Romanesque style. The main body of the church, including the nave and side aisles, was built in the early 13th century. The side aisles were initially lower than they are today, with their eaves reaching the height of the current arcading friezes.

The Quire, transept, and the side chapels followed, each incorporating increasing amounts of early Gothic elements. The sacristy cornerstone, originally part of a chancel pillar, bears the year 1232, marking the completion of the exterior work on the chancel. The name of the master builder, Heinrich Vingerhuth, is immortalized on the gable of the north portal, although the extent of his influence on the design remains unclear.

By the mid-13th century, the main structure of the church was under roof, and by 1250, the eastern towers had reached their full height. During this final phase, the rood screen was added, marking the completion of the church after about 80 years of construction. Subsequent modifications had little impact on its distinctive appearance.

Later Modifications and Renovations

In the 13th century, the side aisles were extended westward to enclose the West Tower. The 15th century saw the elevation of the side aisles and the addition of Gothic tracery windows, with the original Romanesque windows mostly walled up. The interior was also modified, with the addition of a gallery in the side aisles. The year 1446 is inscribed on the northwest corner, commemorating these renovations.

The 17th century brought significant changes, including the plastering over of the originally colored sculptural works and capitals, and the steepening of the side aisle roofs, which partially obscured the clerestory windows of the nave. In the late 19th century, a major renovation led by architect Heinrich von Schmidt aimed to restore the church's medieval spatial impression. This included the removal of the side aisle galleries and the exposure of the stonework. The organ, which still exists today, was also installed during this period.

The 20th century saw further restorations, including the uncovering and preservation of medieval frescoes in the chancel, the reinstallation of the Renaissance pulpit, and the extensive restoration of art treasures, tapestries, altars, and epitaphs. A major exterior restoration from 1987 to 1999 involved the repair of the entire exterior plaster, all roof structures, and the severely damaged sandstone. The roofs were re-covered with slate in the traditional Old German style, and the water spouts on the towers were decommissioned to protect the roofs and walls from water damage.

Exploring Marienkirche Today

Visitors to Marienkirche are greeted by a stunning blend of Romanesque solidity and Gothic elegance. The church's interior is a treasure trove of medieval art, with numerous altars and other works preserved due to the relatively smooth transition to Lutheranism during the Reformation. The nave, with its early Gothic pillars, leads to the richly decorated chancel, creating a visually captivating progression from simplicity to grandeur.

The church also houses several notable features, including the Renaissance pulpit from 1600, medieval frescoes, and intricate stone carvings. The exterior, with its towering spires and detailed stonework, offers a glimpse into the architectural evolution of the 12th and 13th centuries.

Marienkirche is not just a place of worship but a living museum of history and architecture. Its walls tell the story of Gelnhausen's past, from its founding as an imperial city to its role in the Reformation and beyond. Whether you are a history enthusiast, an architecture aficionado, or simply a curious traveler, a visit to Marienkirche promises to be a memorable and enriching experience.