Glevum

Step back in time and explore the fascinating history of Glevum, the ancient Roman city that laid the foundations for what is now Gloucester in the picturesque county of Gloucestershire, Great Britain. From its origins as a strategic military fort to its transformation into a bustling colonia, Glevum offers a captivating glimpse into Roman Britain's past.

The Birth of Glevum

Glevum was established around AD 48, strategically positioned at a crucial crossing of the River Severn and near the Fosse Way, an early Roman road that marked the front line after the Roman invasion of Britain. The initial fort was set up at present-day Kingsholm, housing the powerful Roman legions. The Legio XX Valeria Victrix and later the Legio II Augusta were stationed here, playing a pivotal role in the Roman conquest of Wales.

Between AD 81 and 98, as the military fort evolved into a more permanent settlement, larger walls were constructed on higher ground, centered on what is now Gloucester Cross. This transition marked the shift from a purely military outpost to a walled colonia, a civilian settlement with a rectilinear street plan and robust ramparts.

The Flourishing Colonia

In AD 97, Emperor Nerva elevated Glevum to the status of a colonia, the highest rank of Roman city, reserved for retired legionaries. These veterans were granted farmland in the surrounding areas, creating a self-sustaining community that could also serve as a reserve force for the Roman Empire. The city flourished, with grand administrative buildings, a bustling forum marketplace, and luxurious homes adorned with intricate mosaic floors.

At its zenith, Glevum boasted a population of up to 10,000 residents. The city was a hub of Roman culture and commerce, with a wharf on the River Severn facilitating trade. The surrounding countryside was dotted with Roman villas, such as the renowned Chedworth and Woodchester villas, known for their exquisite mosaics, showcasing the area's intense Romanization and suitability for intensive farming.

Glevum's Role in Roman Britain

During the early 4th century, Roman Britain was divided into four provinces, and Glevum likely became the provincial capital of Britannia Secunda. This prestigious status was shared with other significant Roman colonies like York and Lincoln. There is even evidence suggesting that Glevum housed a mint during this period, further emphasizing its importance in the Roman Empire.

The city's strategic location and robust infrastructure made it a vital part of Roman Britain's administrative and economic network. The Roman road system connected Glevum to other major cities, facilitating the movement of goods, people, and military forces across the province.

The Decline and Legacy

As the Roman Empire began to wane, so did Glevum. However, excavations in Gloucester's New Market Hall during the 1960s revealed that the town continued to be inhabited into the sub-Roman period, albeit with a reduced population. A new portal in the town's wall, built in the early 6th century, indicates a modest resurgence following the Battle of Mons Badonicus in 497.

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle mentions a King Coinmail, possibly from Gloucester, who fought in the Battle of Dyrham in 577, when the city fell to the Anglo-Saxons. This marked the end of Glevum's Roman era, but its legacy endured in the layout and infrastructure of modern Gloucester.

Exploring Glevum Today

Today, visitors to Gloucester can still see remnants of its Roman past. The Gloucester City Museum & Art Gallery houses a collection of archaeological artifacts and in situ Roman walls, offering a tangible connection to Glevum's storied history. The remains of the Roman and medieval East Gate are on display in the East Gate Chamber on Eastgate Street, providing a glimpse into the city's defensive structures.

Walking through Gloucester, one can trace the original Roman streets, with Northgate, Southgate, Eastgate, and Westgate Streets following their ancient counterparts. An equestrian statue of Emperor Nerva, erected in 2002 at the entrance to Southgate Street, commemorates the city's Roman heritage and the 1900th anniversary of its foundation as a colonia.

The Glevum Way

For those who enjoy a more immersive experience, the 26-mile Glevum Way offers a long-distance footpath encircling modern Gloucester. This scenic route allows walkers to explore the beautiful countryside that once supported the thriving Roman city, providing a unique perspective on the area's rich history and natural beauty.

In conclusion, Glevum is not just an ancient Roman city; it is a testament to the enduring impact of Roman civilization on Britain's historical and cultural landscape. Whether you're a history enthusiast or a casual visitor, Glevum's fascinating past and its remnants in modern Gloucester offer an unforgettable journey through time.