In the heart of Jerez de la Frontera, a city renowned for its sherry and flamenco, stands the majestic Alcázar de Jerez de la Frontera. This fortified complex, with its origins tracing back to the 12th century, offers a fascinating glimpse into the region's rich history and architectural splendor. As one of the oldest Almohad buildings on the Iberian Peninsula, the Alcázar is a testament to the city's storied past and cultural heritage.
The hill upon which the Alcázar stands has been inhabited since the Copper Age, around the third millennium BC. Archaeological excavations in 2009 uncovered remnants of ancient dwellings and silos, indicating a long history of human settlement. However, it wasn't until the 11th century that the first architectural remnants associated with the Alcázar were established, under the rule of the Banu Jizrun of the Taifa of Arcos.
In the 12th century, Jerez declared itself an independent taifa under Abul Gamar ibn Garrun, the king of Ronda. During this time, the city pledged allegiance to the Almohads, who controlled Al-Andalus in their struggle against the Christian forces from the north. The majority of the Islamic buildings within the Alcázar date back to this period, which lasted until 1248 when Jerez became a vassal of the Kingdom of Castile under King Ferdinand III.
From 1248 to 1255, the Alcázar remained under Muslim control until it was besieged and conquered by the Castilian forces. Following the Christian conquest, the Alcázar was managed by a Christian garrison, and significant efforts were made to maintain and fortify the structure. However, in 1264, the Muslims of Jerez rebelled against Christian rule, retaking the Alcázar and killing the entire Christian garrison. This rebellion was eventually quashed by Alfonso X, who besieged the city for five months, leading to the final expulsion of the Muslim inhabitants.
During the Christian period, the Alcázar fell into disrepair, and it wasn't until the late 15th century that significant renovations were undertaken. The Marquis of Cádiz carried out extensive repairs, and the Alcázar once again became a royal residence, hosting the Catholic Monarchs during their visit in 1478.
By the 16th and 17th centuries, the Alcázar had once again fallen into a state of ruin. In the 18th century, Lorenzo Fernández de Villavicencio and Benítez constructed a Baroque palace over the ruins of the Islamic residence, breathing new life into the complex. This palace, known as the Palace of Villavicencio, became a hub for social and cultural events, including theatrical performances and operas.
The Alcázar's revival continued into the 20th century, thanks to the efforts of the Díez family, who purchased the complex in 1926 and prevented its demolition. Their restoration efforts ensured that the Alcázar remained a prominent historical and cultural landmark in Jerez.
Today, the Alcázar de Jerez de la Frontera is part of the Monumental Complex of the Alcázar and Camera Obscura, open to visitors year-round. As you wander through its ancient walls, you'll encounter a blend of Almohad, Gothic, Renaissance, and Baroque architecture, each telling its own story of the city's past.
The Alcázar's mosque, built by the Almohads, is the only one remaining in the city out of the eighteen that once existed during the Islamic period. The mosque has been beautifully restored, retaining its classic horseshoe arches, the minaret, the ablution courtyard, the prayer hall, and the mihrab. The mosque also houses an altar, marking the site of the first Christian chapel of Santa María del Alcázar.
The Arab Baths are another highlight, featuring three classic rooms constructed with solid brick and adorned with star-shaped skylights. These baths offer a serene glimpse into the past, showcasing the architectural ingenuity of the Almohads.
Built in 1664 by Lorenzo Fernández de Villavicencio, the Palace of Villavicencio stands as a notable example of Baroque architecture. This grand palace served as a residence for the city's officials and houses the remnants of the Municipal Pharmacy, originally from the Convent of La Merced. The pharmacy, along with various 19th-century furnishings, is well-preserved and offers a unique insight into the medical practices of the time.
The Alcázar is surrounded by beautifully landscaped gardens, featuring olive trees, cypresses, and a variety of flowers. The gardens also include ponds with fish, creating a tranquil oasis within the historic complex. Adjacent to the oil mill building, the gardens of the former Eslava Theatre are now used for cultural events and activities.
The Alcázar de Jerez de la Frontera is not just a relic of the past; it is a living monument that continues to play a vital role in the cultural life of the city. With its rich history, architectural beauty, and serene gardens, the Alcázar offers visitors a captivating journey through time, making it an essential stop for anyone exploring Jerez de la Frontera.
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