Neuchâtel Castle

Neuchâtel Castle, known locally as Schloss Neuenburg, majestically overlooks the charming city of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. Perched on a rocky spur, this historic castle is not only a testament to medieval architecture but also a symbol of regional power that has evolved through the centuries. The castle is intricately linked to the history of Neuchâtel's rulers and continues to house the government and part of the administration of the Republic and Canton of Neuchâtel.

The Origins and Early History

The roots of Neuchâtel Castle trace back to the early 11th century. The first written mention of the castle is found in a donation made by King Rudolph III of Burgundy to his wife, Irmengarde, in 1011. The castle, referred to as Novum Castellum or new castle, was likely constructed shortly before this date to better control the kingdom's access routes. Archaeological, historical, and toponymic studies suggest that the fortress was built on the current site to replace the less strategically valuable stronghold at Colombier.

Initially, the fortress occupied the summit of the hill, utilizing the natural topography to its advantage. The eastern end of the castle, where the current structure stands, was the original aula or great hall. This area became the residence of the Lords of Neuchâtel from the 11th century onwards. The castle's status changed after the death of Rudolph III and the integration of the Kingdom of Burgundy into the Holy Roman Empire in 1033. The fortress was then handed over to a German-speaking lineage close to the imperial power, the Sires of Fenis or Vinelz, who transformed Neuchâtel into their chief town and began calling themselves the Lords of Neuchâtel.

Medieval Transformations

By the early 13th century, the Lords of Neuchâtel had become counts, and the fortress had evolved into a more complex seigneurial residence. This transformation included the construction of the Collegiate Church of Our Lady and the development of a small town. Although it is challenging to trace the exact development of the castle during this period, it is evident that several buildings were constructed to the north and east of the original Romanesque castle. In the mid-14th century, Count Louis built a new aula to the north, initiating the development of the courtyard that characterizes the castle today.

Significant changes occurred in the 15th century when the castle became the residence of the Lords from the houses of Fribourg and later Hochberg. These wealthier lords undertook extensive renovations, transforming the old castle into a more comfortable and spacious residence. Jean de Fribourg, for instance, constructed a chapel, a grand hall, and a residential wing between 1438 and 1450. The devastating fire of 1450, which ravaged the town and the castle hill, led to the reconstruction of many Romanesque buildings.

Further enhancements were made by Philippe de Hochberg, who added a panoramic gallery and a grand entrance portal in the late 15th century. These additions not only modernized the castle but also showcased Philippe's success as a high-ranking officer in the service of the French kings. The castle's exterior silhouette has remained largely unchanged since these modifications.

From the 16th to the 18th Century

In the early 16th century, the lineage of the Counts of Neuchâtel ended, and the castle passed to the Orléans-Longueville family through marriage. These new rulers, who were closely connected to the French court, did not reside permanently in Neuchâtel. Instead, they appointed governors to represent them and maintained the castle without undertaking major construction projects. The castle's southern façade still bears the flags of twelve Swiss cantons, commemorating the occupation of Neuchâtel by the Swiss Confederation from 1512 to 1529.

The castle's role adapted to the needs of the administration and its inhabitants over the centuries. It housed the governor's apartments, magistrates' lodgings, and various assemblies and tribunals. Notable interior decorations from the 17th century include the Treasure Room, the chapel, and the Hall of States.

In 1707, Neuchâtel became the personal property of Frederick I, King of Prussia. This change further distanced the Neuchâtelois from their sovereign, but it had little impact on the castle itself. Maintenance and minor updates continued, such as the addition of numerous arched windows in the 18th century.

The 19th Century and Beyond

The Hohenzollern dynasty ruled Neuchâtel until 1806, when Napoleon Bonaparte gifted the principality to Marshal Berthier. Despite the political upheaval, the castle remained largely untouched, serving primarily administrative functions. After the return of Neuchâtel to the King of Prussia in 1815, the castle began to be appreciated for its historical value. Local scholars such as archaeologist Frédéric Dubois de Montperreux and historian George-Auguste Matile highlighted the castle's Romanesque vestiges and historical significance.

The castle also played a central role in Neuchâtel's revolutionary events. It was the target of revolutionary assaults in 1831 and 1848 and counter-revolutionary movements in 1856. After the proclamation of the republic on March 1, 1848, the republican government and its administration established themselves in the castle.

Today, Neuchâtel Castle stands as a monument of historical and architectural significance. It continues to serve as the seat of regional power, housing the government and part of the administration of the Republic and Canton of Neuchâtel. Visitors can explore its rich history, admire its medieval architecture, and enjoy stunning views over the city and Lake Neuchâtel.