The Temple of Augustus, known locally as Augustov hram, stands as a testament to the grandeur of ancient Roman architecture in the vibrant city of Pula, Croatia. This remarkably well-preserved temple, dedicated to the first Roman emperor Augustus, offers a glimpse into the city's rich historical tapestry, making it a must-visit for any history enthusiast or curious traveler.
Constructed between 27 BC and AD 14 during the lifetime of Emperor Augustus, the Temple of Augustus is an exemplary model of Roman architectural prowess. Pula, then known as Pietas Iulia, was a flourishing Roman colony, and the temple was part of a triad of temples that graced the city's forum. The Temple of Augustus stood proudly on the left side of the central temple, with a similar temple dedicated to the goddess Diana on the right. While the central temple has not survived the ravages of time, the back side of the Temple of Diana remains visible, having been incorporated into the Communal Palace built in 1296.
The Temple of Augustus was built on a podium and features a tetrastyle prostyle porch with four Corinthian columns, measuring approximately 8 by 17.3 meters (26 by 57 feet) and standing 14 meters (46 feet) high. The richly decorated frieze adorning the temple is reminiscent of that on the Maison Carrée in Nîmes, France, another well-preserved Roman temple. These two structures are often regarded as the finest complete Roman monuments outside Italy.
The Temple of Augustus has undergone several transformations throughout its history. During the Byzantine era, it was converted into a church, a change that likely contributed to its preservation. Later, it served as a granary, a testament to its adaptability and enduring significance. In the 16th century, the renowned architect Andrea Palladio included a description of the temple in his influential work, I quattro libri dell'architettura, highlighting its architectural importance.
By the late 19th century, the temple stood at the corner of Pula's marketplace, partly concealed by surrounding houses. It was not until visitors were close to it that they could fully appreciate its grandeur. However, the temple faced a significant challenge during World War II when it was struck by a bomb during an Allied air raid in 1944, almost entirely destroying it. Thankfully, it was meticulously reconstructed in 1947, and today it serves as a lapidarium, displaying items of Roman sculpture.
The temple's original dedication consisted of bronze letters affixed to the stones of the architrave. Although the letters have long since disappeared, the attachment holes remain, providing valuable clues to the temple's history. The dedication read: ROMAE · ET · AVGVSTO · CAESARI · DIVI · F · PATRI · PATRIAE, which translates to To Roma and Augustus Caesar, son of the deity, father of the fatherland. This indicates that the temple was co-dedicated to the goddess Roma, the personification of the city of Rome, and Augustus Caesar. Unlike later temples dedicated to the deified Augustus, this temple was dedicated during Augustus' lifetime, prior to his death in AD 14.
Today, the Temple of Augustus stands as a proud symbol of Pula's Roman heritage. Its imposing columns and intricate frieze continue to captivate visitors, offering a tangible connection to the city's ancient past. As you approach the temple, take a moment to imagine the bustling forum that once surrounded it, filled with merchants, citizens, and officials going about their daily lives.
Stepping inside the temple, you are greeted by a serene atmosphere, a stark contrast to the lively marketplace outside. The lapidarium housed within the temple showcases an array of Roman sculptures, providing further insight into the artistic and cultural achievements of the time. Each artifact tells a story, from the intricately carved reliefs to the statuary that once adorned the temple's interior.
The Temple of Augustus is more than just an architectural marvel; it is a symbol of Pula's enduring legacy. Its survival through centuries of change and upheaval is a testament to the city's resilience and the timeless allure of its historical treasures. Whether you are a history buff, an architecture enthusiast, or simply a curious traveler, the Temple of Augustus offers a captivating journey through time, inviting you to explore the rich heritage of Pula and the Roman Empire.
In conclusion, a visit to the Temple of Augustus is a journey into the heart of ancient Rome, right in the heart of modern-day Pula. Its impressive architecture, historical significance, and the stories it holds make it an unmissable destination for anyone exploring this beautiful Croatian city. So, as you wander through Pula's charming streets, be sure to take a moment to step back in time and marvel at the enduring legacy of the Temple of Augustus.
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