The Provincial forum of Tarraco, locally known as Foro romano de Tarraco, is a monumental testament to the grandeur and architectural prowess of ancient Roman civilization. Nestled in the heart of Tarragona, Spain, this historical complex once served as the epicenter of political and administrative life in the Roman province of Hispania Citerior, later known as Tarraconensis. Today, visitors can wander through the remnants of this once-thriving hub, soaking in the rich history and imagining the bustling activity that once filled its grand spaces.
The Provincial forum of Tarraco was established during the early years of Emperor Vespasian's reign, around 70 AD. As the administrative heart of the province, it was the site of the annual assembly of the Concilium provinciae Hispaniae Citerioris, which brought together representatives from approximately 300 cities. This gathering was a significant event, as it was here that the provincial flamen, the highest authority in the province, was elected for a one-year term.
The forum was strategically built on the upper part of the city, utilizing the area that had previously housed military structures from the Republican era. Its construction in this location was not only a practical decision but also a display of Roman engineering and architectural brilliance. The forum's vast dimensions, measuring 320 by 175 meters, make it the largest of its kind on the Iberian Peninsula.
The Provincial forum of Tarraco was an architectural marvel, composed of three main elements arranged axially: the imperial cult precinct, a large porticoed square, and the circus. The central part of this complex was known as the Plaza de Representación, a grand square surrounded by porticoes on three sides. These porticoes, elevated on a podium about 4 meters high, were adorned with Doric pilasters and supported by wooden roofs.
The forum's perimeter walls, constructed with opus quadratum, are still visible in various parts of the old city. These walls outline the ancient boundaries of the forum, running along modern streets such as Ferrers, Enrajolat, Santa Anna, Merceria, and Civaderia. Visitors can trace the forum's layout by following the different colored paving stones in locations like Plaça del Rei, Carrer de Santa Anna, and Plaça del Fòrum.
As you explore the Provincial forum of Tarraco, you'll encounter several fascinating remnants that offer a glimpse into its grand past. One of the most notable structures is the Pretori Tower, also known as the Palau d'August or Castell de Pilats. This tower, located at the southeastern end of the forum, served as a connection between the circus and the Plaza de Representación. In the medieval period, it was transformed into a castle and later used as a royal residence and a prison.
Another significant structure is the Antiga Audiència, the tower situated at the southwestern end of the forum. Both towers were built with regular stone blocks and housed internal staircases that facilitated access to different levels of the forum and the circus.
The Plaza de Representación, the heart of the forum, was likely a beautifully landscaped area, adorned with statues of emperors and high-ranking officials such as the provincial flamens. The plaza's northeastern end featured a grand staircase, partially preserved as the stone steps of Santa Tecla, which provided access to the imperial cult precinct.
At the southwestern end of the plaza, adjacent to the circus, was the Pulvinar, the presidential tribune of the circus. This structure, though part of the circus, extended into the plaza, symbolizing the close connection between the two areas.
Recent archaeological excavations have uncovered additional structures and connections within the forum complex. For instance, during the restoration of the Casa Montoliu, home to the Conservatory of Music of the Diputació de Tarragona, monumental structures separating the circus from the forum were discovered. These findings include a solid wall with decorative marble panels, highlighting the forum's grandeur and the meticulous craftsmanship of its builders.
One of the most intriguing aspects of the forum is its underground vaults, constructed to level the uneven terrain. These vaults, some of which are still intact, showcase the advanced engineering techniques employed by the Romans. The vaults' dimensions, with sections measuring 4.20 meters wide and 5 meters high, are a testament to the forum's monumental scale.
Visiting the Provincial forum of Tarraco is like stepping back in time. As you wander through its ancient ruins, you can almost hear the echoes of Roman officials and citizens going about their daily business. The forum's impressive scale, combined with its rich history and architectural splendor, makes it a must-visit destination for history enthusiasts and casual tourists alike.
In conclusion, the Provincial forum of Tarraco is not just a collection of ancient ruins; it is a window into the past, offering a glimpse into the life and times of a once-thriving Roman province. Its grand structures, intricate designs, and historical significance make it an unmissable attraction in Tarragona, inviting visitors to explore and marvel at the legacy of Roman engineering and governance.
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