Heraklion Archaeological Museum

Located in the heart of Heraklion, Crete, the Heraklion Archaeological Museum (Αρχαιολογικό Μουσείο Ηρακλείου) stands as one of Greece's most significant cultural institutions. This museum is a treasure trove of ancient artifacts, primarily showcasing the wonders of the Minoan civilization, which thrived on the island thousands of years ago. For history enthusiasts, art lovers, and curious travelers alike, the Heraklion Archaeological Museum offers a captivating journey through time.

The History of the Heraklion Archaeological Museum

The museum's origins date back to 1883 when it began as a modest collection of antiquities. This period coincided with the rediscovery of the Minoan civilization and the early stages of scientific excavation in Crete. Initially, the collection was housed in a small building, but as the importance and volume of the artifacts grew, it became evident that a more substantial facility was necessary.

In the early 20th century, two Cretan archaeologists, Iosif Hatzidakis and Stefanos Xanthoudidis, spearheaded the construction of a dedicated museum building. However, the museum faced numerous challenges, including devastating earthquakes in 1926, 1930, and 1935. These natural disasters nearly led to the collapse of the museum. It was during this tumultuous period that Spyridon Marinatos, the museum's director, played a pivotal role in securing funds and support for a new, more resilient structure.

In 1935, the renowned architect Patroklos Karantinos was commissioned to design a building that could withstand both natural disasters and wartime bombings. Completed between 1937 and 1940, this modernist structure has stood the test of time, preserving its invaluable collection through World War II and beyond. The building itself is an architectural marvel, featuring antiseismic design principles and Bauhaus commendations, making it as much a piece of history as the artifacts it houses.

Exploring the Museum's Collections

The Heraklion Archaeological Museum is home to an extensive array of artifacts spanning over 5,500 years, from the Neolithic period to Roman times. However, it is the Minoan collection that truly sets this museum apart. The Minoan civilization, known for its advanced art and architecture, left behind a legacy of exquisite artifacts that are now proudly displayed in the museum.

Room I: The Neolithic and Pre-Palatial Periods

Begin your exploration in Room I, which showcases findings from 6000 BCE to the pre-Palatial period. Here, you'll encounter Neolithic fertility goddesses, Vasiliki ware, and stone jars from the island of Mochlos. Miniature clay sculptures provide a glimpse into the early artistic endeavors of the Minoans.

Room II: The Old Palatial Period

In Room II, delve into the era between 2000 BCE and 1700 BCE, with artifacts from Knossos, Malia, and several peak sanctuaries. Highlights include Kamares ware pottery, glazed plaques of Minoan houses (also known as the Town Mosaic), and figurines from peak sanctuaries, which offer insight into the religious practices of the time.

Room III: The Phaistos Disc and More

Room III is home to one of the museum's most famous artifacts, the Phaistos Disc. This enigmatic clay disc, covered in undeciphered symbols, continues to baffle archaeologists and linguists. Additionally, you'll find more examples of Kamares ware pottery, showcasing the intricate designs and craftsmanship of the Minoans.

Room IV: The New Palatial Period

Moving on to Room IV, you'll encounter artifacts from the New Palatial period (1700 BCE to 1450 BCE). Notable items include the Bull's Head rhyton from Knossos, snake goddess figurines, and bronze tools and weapons. Cups with Linear A inscriptions, an early form of writing, provide a glimpse into the administrative and economic activities of the Minoans.

Room V: Trade and Writing

Room V covers the period from 1450 BCE to 1400 BCE and features ancient Egyptian trade objects, a clay model of a house, and examples of both Linear A and Linear B scripts. These artifacts highlight the Minoans' extensive trade networks and their contributions to early writing systems.

Room VI: Cemeteries and Burials

In Room VI, explore findings from cemeteries at Knossos, Phaistos, and Archanes. Clay figurines, gold jewelry, and even a horse burial from a tholos tomb at Archanes provide a fascinating look into Minoan burial practices and beliefs about the afterlife.

Room VII: Smaller Villas and Sacred Caves

Room VII showcases artifacts from smaller villas and sacred caves, dating from 1700 BCE to 1300 BCE. Bronze double axes, the Harvester Vase, and steatite vases from Hagia Triada are among the highlights. Gold jewelry from Malia adds a touch of opulence to this collection.

Room VIII: The Palace of Zakros

In Room VIII, discover treasures from the palace of Zakros, including a rock crystal rhyton, a Bull's Head rhyton, and pottery adorned with floral and marine motifs. These artifacts provide insight into the daily life and artistic achievements of the Minoans.

Room IX: Eastern Crete

Room IX features findings from eastern Crete, including terracotta figurines from the Pisokephalo peak sanctuary and intricate seal stones. These items offer a glimpse into the religious and administrative practices of the region.

Room X: The Mycenaean Period

Room X covers the Mycenaean period (1400 BCE to 1100 BCE) and includes clay figurines and a clay sculpture of dancers with a lyre player. These artifacts highlight the cultural and artistic exchanges between the Minoans and Mycenaeans.

Room XI: The Dorian Period

In Room XI, explore the period from 1100 BCE to 900 BCE during the arrival of the Dorian Greeks. Weapons and tools, primarily made of iron, clay fertility figurines, and votive offerings provide a glimpse into this transitional period in Cretan history.

Room XII: The Archaic Period

Room XII features artifacts from up to 650 BCE, including pottery decorated with griffins and figurines from Kato Syme. These items reflect the evolving artistic styles and cultural influences of the time.

Room XIII: Minoan Larnakes

Room XIII is dedicated to Minoan larnakes, clay coffins used for burials. These intricately decorated coffins offer valuable insights into Minoan funerary practices and beliefs about the afterlife.

Room XIV: The Hall of the Frescoes

Room XIV, also known as the Hall of the Frescoes, displays stunning frescoes from Knossos and Hagia Triada. The Hagia Triada sarcophagus, with its vivid depictions of funerary rituals, is a highlight of this room.

Rooms XV & XVI: More Frescoes

Rooms XV and XVI continue the exploration of Minoan frescoes, including the famous La Parisienne. These vibrant wall paintings provide a vivid glimpse into the daily life and aesthetics of the Minoans.

Room XX: Classical Greek and Greco-Roman Periods

Finally, Room XX features sculptures from the Classical Greek and Greco-Roman periods, bridging the gap between the ancient Minoan civilization and the later historical periods of Crete.

Visitor Information

The Heraklion Archaeological Museum is open from April to September, with hours varying by day. EU students and senior citizens (65+) can receive discounted entry, and the building is equipped with air conditioning for a comfortable visit. While photography is allowed in most areas, some items cannot be photographed due to publication restrictions, so be sure to check for signs.

In conclusion, the Heraklion Archaeological Museum is not just a repository of ancient artifacts; it is a gateway to understanding the rich and complex history of Crete. Its extensive collections, spanning millennia, offer a unique opportunity to explore the island's cultural heritage and the remarkable achievements of the Minoan civilization. A visit to this museum is a journey through time, one that will leave you with a deeper appreciation for the ancient world and its enduring legacy.