Perched majestically atop one of Lisbon's highest hills, the Castle of Saint George, or Castelo de São Jorge in Portuguese, offers visitors a captivating journey through Portugal’s rich and diverse history. This iconic fortress, with its commanding views over the city and the Tagus River, has been a silent witness to the ebb and flow of civilizations for centuries.
The history of the Castle of Saint George is as complex and layered as the city it overlooks. Human occupation of this strategic hill dates back to at least the 8th century BC. The first fortifications were likely erected in the 2nd century BC, but it was the Romans who first recognized the hill's strategic importance, establishing a fortification around 48 BC when Lisbon was classified as a Roman municipality.
Over the centuries, the hill saw successive waves of occupation by various civilizations, including the Phoenicians, Carthaginians, Romans, and Moors. Each left their mark, contributing to the castle’s eclectic architectural and cultural heritage. The Moors, who occupied the site during the 10th century, constructed significant fortifications, including the Cerca Moura, or Moorish Encirclement, which still partially stands today.
The Castle of Saint George's most dramatic transformation came in 1147 during the Christian Reconquista. Afonso Henriques, the first King of Portugal, and his northern European knights captured the castle from the Moors during the Siege of Lisbon. This victory marked a pivotal moment in Portuguese history and the castle became a symbol of the new Christian rule.
Following the Reconquista, the castle served as a royal palace. When Lisbon became the capital of Portugal in 1255, the castle was transformed into the Royal Palace of the Alcáçova. King Denis I extensively renovated the palace around 1300, and King Ferdinand I constructed the Cerca Nova, or New Enclosure, between 1373 and 1375, to encircle previously unprotected parts of the city.
In the late 14th century, the castle was dedicated to Saint George by King John I, who had married Philippa of Lancaster, an English princess. Saint George, the warrior-saint, became a symbol of both English and Portuguese valor, strengthening the ties between the two nations.
In the 15th century, the castle hosted a royal menagerie, housing exotic animals brought back by explorers. Following the conquest of Ceuta in 1415, King John I brought two Barbary lions to Lisbon, and they were housed in a large room within the castle grounds. This area became known as the Casa dos Leões, or Lions' House, and is now occupied by a renowned restaurant of the same name.
The castle also played a role in the Age of Exploration. It was here that King Manuel I received Vasco da Gama upon his return from discovering the maritime route to India in 1498. The castle’s halls echoed with the tales of far-off lands and the promise of new riches.
As the Ribeira Palace was constructed beside the Tagus River, the Castle of Saint George began to lose its importance. An earthquake in 1531 further damaged the castle, leading to its gradual decline. By the time of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake, the castle was in a state of disrepair.
However, the 20th century saw a renewed interest in the castle. Extensive renovations were carried out in the 1930s under the government of António de Oliveira Salazar. These efforts aimed to restore the castle to its former glory, removing incongruous structures and partially restoring the Recolhimento, a shelter built in the 17th century.
Today, the Castle of Saint George is a national monument and a museum, offering visitors a glimpse into Lisbon’s storied past. As you wander through its ancient walls, you can explore the various towers, including the Tower of Ulysses, which once housed the Torre do Tombo, the Portuguese Royal Archive.
One of the highlights is the panoramic view from the castle’s battlements. From here, you can see the sprawling cityscape of Lisbon, the winding Tagus River, and the distant Atlantic Ocean. The castle grounds also include a delightful garden, perfect for a leisurely stroll.
Another must-see is the archaeological site within the castle, which reveals remnants from the Iron Age, Roman, and Moorish periods. This site provides a fascinating insight into the layers of history that have shaped the castle and Lisbon itself.
The Castle of Saint George is more than just a historical site; it is a living monument that continues to play a vital role in Lisbon’s cultural life. Throughout the year, the castle hosts various events, from medieval fairs to concerts, bringing history to life for visitors of all ages.
In conclusion, the Castle of Saint George is a testament to Lisbon’s rich and diverse history. Its walls have witnessed the rise and fall of empires, the clash of cultures, and the birth of a nation. Whether you are a history enthusiast, a casual tourist, or a local resident, a visit to this iconic fortress is sure to be an unforgettable experience.
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