Matera Cathedral

Matera Cathedral, officially known as the Cathedral of the Madonna della Bruna and Saint Eustace (Cattedrale di Matera), stands as a monumental testament to the rich history and architectural splendor of Matera, Italy. Perched on the highest point of the Civita, the ancient heart of Matera, this cathedral not only dominates the skyline but also offers a profound glimpse into the region's past and its enduring spiritual heritage.

The Historical Tapestry of Matera Cathedral

The origins of Matera Cathedral trace back to a time when this site was occupied by a Norman castle and, even earlier, a paleo-Christian place of worship. The construction of the cathedral began in 1230, under the auspices of Emperor Frederick II of Swabia, who desired a grand edifice that would reflect the city's newfound status as an archdiocese. By 1270, the cathedral was completed and initially dedicated to Saint Mary of Matera. Over the centuries, it underwent several re-dedications, finally becoming known as the Cathedral of the Madonna della Bruna and Saint Eustace in 1627, a name it carries to this day.

Throughout its history, Matera Cathedral has witnessed numerous significant events. Pope Urban II stayed at the site between 1093 and 1094, and in 1962, it was elevated to the dignity of a minor basilica by Pope John XXIII. The cathedral also hosted Pope John Paul II during his visit in 1991. Extensive restoration efforts, particularly those between 2003 and 2006, have preserved its grandeur, ensuring that it continues to inspire awe in all who visit.

Architectural Marvels of Matera Cathedral

The exterior of Matera Cathedral remains remarkably true to its original design, a pristine example of Apulian Romanesque architecture. Its westward orientation, believed to be the work of the astronomer Alano da Matera, ensures that the cathedral bathes in the golden light of the setting sun, enhancing its majestic presence.

The façade is dominated by a stunning rose window with sixteen rays, symbolizing the divine light. Above it, the archangel Michael is depicted triumphantly crushing a dragon, a powerful symbol of good overcoming evil. Flanking the rose window are figures representing the four evangelists and the twelve apostles, supported by telamons. The central portal, adorned with an arch and a statue of the Madonna della Bruna, is flanked by statues of Saints Peter and Paul, while the corners of the façade feature high-relief sculptures of Saints Eustace and Theopista.

On the right side of the cathedral, facing Piazza Duomo, are two additional doors, the most notable being the Porta dei Leoni (Door of the Lions), named for the two stone lions that guard it. The lunette above the other door, known as the Porta di Piazza, features a bas-relief of Abraham, reflecting the city's historical religious diversity. The 52-meter-high campanile, or bell tower, with its four tiers and pyramid-shaped top, stands as a beacon of the cathedral's enduring presence.

Exploring the Interior of Matera Cathedral

Stepping inside Matera Cathedral, visitors are greeted by a Latin cross layout with three naves, the central one rising above the others. The interior has undergone significant transformations since 1627, with the addition of stuccoes and decorations, many of which were gilded in 1776. The central nave is illuminated by ten windows and features a wooden coffered ceiling installed in 1719, adorned with three paintings by the Calabrian artist Battista Santoro in the 19th century.

One of the cathedral's most treasured artworks is a Byzantine fresco from 1270, depicting the Madonna della Bruna with the Child blessing with two fingers. This masterpiece, attributed to Rinaldo da Taranto, can be found on the first altar of the left nave. The second altar is dedicated to Saint John of Matera, whose relics are housed in a sarcophagus there. The third altar, known as the Altar of Saint Anne, features a beautifully crafted painting by the friar Francesco da Martina from 1633.

The Renaissance chapel of the Annunciation, created by Giulio Persio, boasts a coffered ceiling and walls adorned with niches. In the left transept, visitors can admire a nativity scene in hard stone, sculpted between 1530 and 1534 by Altobello Persio and Sannazzaro di Alessano, reflecting elements of Matera's unique landscape. The same artist also crafted a richly decorated stone altarpiece in 1539, located at the end of the left transept.

The high altar, restored in 1627, is crowned by a grand altarpiece by Fabrizio Santafede, depicting the Virgin surrounded by saints. The choir, made of solid walnut and intricately carved by Giovanni Tantino of Ariano Irpino in 1453, comprises 60 stalls and is a testament to the craftsmanship of the time. The right side of the presbytery houses an electric pipe organ built by the Ruffatti brothers, featuring 35 registers across two manuals and pedals.

Other notable artworks within the cathedral include a Madonna delle Grazie between Saints Hilary and John of Matera by Domizio Persio from 1592, a painting of Saint Cajetan by Carlo Rosa from 1652, a 17th-century wooden crucifix, and a polyptych by Vito Antonio Conversi. The right side of the main entrance features a fresco of the Last Judgment from the late 13th century, the only surviving example of the cathedral's original painted decoration, also attributed to Rinaldo da Taranto.

In conclusion, Matera Cathedral is not just a place of worship; it is a living museum of art, history, and faith. Its towering presence over the ancient city of Matera and its intricate architectural details make it a must-visit destination for anyone exploring this UNESCO World Heritage site. Whether you're drawn by its historical significance, its artistic treasures, or its spiritual ambiance, Matera Cathedral promises an unforgettable experience.