The Nathan and Mary Johnson properties in New Bedford, Massachusetts, stand as remarkable testaments to the resilience and ingenuity of two prominent figures in the abolitionist movement. Nestled in a city known for its rich maritime history, these buildings are not just architectural treasures but also symbols of a pivotal era in American history. The properties are a beacon for those interested in the stories of the Underground Railroad and the lives of those who bravely fought for freedom.
Nathan and Mary (Polly) Johnson were free African-Americans who played crucial roles in the abolitionist movement. Their properties, now recognized as National Historic Landmarks, were key sites in the Underground Railroad network. From 1822 onward, the Johnsons provided shelter to countless escaped slaves seeking freedom in the North. Their home is notably the only surviving residence in New Bedford that sheltered Frederick Douglass, one of the most famous escaped slaves who became a leading voice for abolition.
Both Nathan and Polly were successful entrepreneurs. Nathan was a renowned caterer, while Polly excelled as a confectioner. Their success in business not only provided them with the means to support the abolitionist cause but also made them influential figures in their community. By the 1850s, Nathan was among the wealthiest African Americans in New Bedford, using his resources and influence to support both African American organizations and abolitionist activities.
The Johnson properties consist of two distinct buildings, each with its own unique character and history. The first building, originally a Quaker meetinghouse built in 1785, was purchased by Nathan Johnson in 1832. This 2½-story wood-frame structure, with its gable roof and brick foundation, was converted into a residence and became a sanctuary for those fleeing slavery. The building's interior boasts early 19th-century woodwork, including a beautifully crafted staircase with turned newel posts.
One of the most intriguing features of this building is a trapdoor in the attic, leading to a large hidden space. Although no concrete evidence has been found, it is widely believed that this space was used to hide fugitive slaves, adding an air of mystery and historical intrigue to the property.
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The second building, known as the Johnson House, is a 2½-story wood-frame structure with Greek Revival styling. Built in 1857, it showcases elegant architectural details such as corner pilasters and gable returns. The entrance porch, a later Victorian addition, adds a touch of charm to the property. The house features an eight-panel door flanked by sidelight windows and topped with a transom, inviting visitors to step back in time.
The Johnson House is also notable for its Italianate windows in the attic, adding to its aesthetic appeal. The rear ell, estimated to have been built around 1800, further extends the house and provides a glimpse into the architectural evolution of the property over time.
Nathan and Mary Johnson's legacy extends beyond their business success and architectural contributions. Their home was a place of refuge and hope for many, including Frederick Douglass, who credited Nathan Johnson with giving him the last name by which he is now known. Although Douglass's stay was brief, the impact of his time at the Johnson residence was profound, as it provided him with the support and encouragement he needed to become a leading figure in the fight for abolition.
The Johnson properties are now home to the New Bedford Historical Society, which offers tours by appointment. Visitors can explore the buildings and learn about the rich history of the abolitionist movement in New Bedford, gaining insights into the lives of the brave individuals who risked everything for freedom.
Designated as a National Historic Landmark and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000, the Nathan and Mary Johnson properties are also contributing elements to the local County Street Historic District. These designations ensure that the legacy of the Johnsons and their role in the abolitionist movement will be preserved for future generations to appreciate and learn from.
In conclusion, the Nathan and Mary Johnson properties offer a unique glimpse into the past, where architecture and history intertwine to tell the story of two remarkable individuals and their contributions to the fight for freedom. A visit to these historic buildings is not just a journey through time but also an opportunity to reflect on the enduring spirit of resilience and courage that defines the American experience.
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