Castle of Trani

Perched majestically along the Adriatic coast, the Castle of Trani, known locally as Castello svevo di Trani, stands as a testament to the architectural prowess and strategic foresight of its creators. This striking fortress, built under the reign of Emperor Frederick II, not only offers a window into medieval military architecture but also provides a captivating glimpse into the rich history of Trani, a picturesque town in the Puglia region of Italy.

The Origins of the Castle of Trani

The Castle of Trani was established in 1233 on a rocky outcrop that juts into the sea, strategically positioned to guard against maritime assaults and the fury of the waves. The site was chosen for its natural defenses and its commanding view over the harbor and the surrounding urban landscape. Before the castle's construction, the location was home to a smaller, quadrilateral tower dating back to the 10th or 11th century, which likely served as a lookout post.

Interestingly, there was an even older castle in Trani, built by the Norman King Roger II, which was destroyed in 1137. The exact location of this earlier fortress remains unknown, but its destruction paved the way for the grand structure that would come to symbolize Frederick II’s imperial might.

The Swabian Phase

Construction of the Castle of Trani began in June 1233, under the supervision of military engineer Filippo Cinardo, Count of Acquaviva and Conversano. By March 1234, Emperor Frederick II himself visited Trani to inspect the progress. The fortifications were completed by 1249, and the castle was soon included in the list of Castra Exempta, castles directly under the control of the Imperial Curia.

The castle’s design was inspired by the crusader castles in the Holy Land, which in turn drew from Roman castra. It featured a nearly square plan with four corner towers, two smaller ones facing the sea and two larger ones facing inland. The structure was surrounded by an outer wall (antemurale) with walkways, forming three narrow outer courtyards. A moat, possibly partly natural, encircled the outer wall, separating it from the mainland. The land-facing sides of the castle had arched gateways with drawbridges, while the seaward side featured a merloned quay, likely connected to a pier.

Inside, the castle boasted a large central courtyard with loggias on the north and south sides. The southern loggia, which housed the main entrance, had a wooden roof supported by large transverse arches, while the northern loggia was two-storied with stone vaults resting on octagonal pillars and intricately carved corbels. The main halls on the upper floors were used for representation and featured wooden ceilings supported by transverse arches. The northern wing's grand hall, with its large bifora windows, opened directly onto the sea, offering a breathtaking view.

The Angevin Period

In the latter half of the 13th century, under Angevin rule, the Castle of Trani became a bustling administrative center and a lively court residence. Members of the royal family frequently stayed there, and significant events were celebrated with great pomp. The castle housed the royal treasury and served as a depot for weapons and valuable goods, including vast quantities of iron, steel, lances, crossbows, and precious commodities like pepper, cinnamon, sugar, and silk.

One notable event was the marriage of Manfred, the son of Frederick II, to Helena Angelina Doukaina, daughter of the Despot of Epirus, in 1259. The castle also witnessed the imprisonment of notable figures, such as Siffridina, the Countess of Caserta, who supported Conradin of Swabia and was held there until her death in 1279.

Transformations Under Spanish Rule

During the Spanish rule in the late 15th and early 16th centuries, the Castle of Trani underwent significant modifications. The outer defenses were strengthened to adapt to the evolving art of warfare, particularly the increased use of artillery. The castle's strategic importance continued, serving as a military stronghold and a symbol of Spanish dominance in the region.

Despite these changes, the core structure of the castle remained largely intact, preserving the essence of its Swabian origins. The blend of medieval and Renaissance architectural elements makes the Castle of Trani a fascinating study in the evolution of military architecture.

Visiting the Castle of Trani Today

Today, the Castle of Trani is managed by the Polo Museale della Puglia and is open to the public. Visitors can explore its imposing towers, walk along the ancient battlements, and delve into the rich history that permeates its stone walls. The castle offers stunning views of the Adriatic Sea and the nearby Trani Cathedral, creating a picturesque backdrop for a journey through time.

Whether you're a history enthusiast, an architecture aficionado, or simply someone looking for a unique cultural experience, the Castle of Trani promises to be an unforgettable destination. Its storied past, combined with its striking beauty, makes it a must-visit landmark in the enchanting town of Trani.