Capture of Wakefield

In the heart of Yorkshire lies the historic town of Wakefield, a place steeped in the rich history of the English Civil War. One of the most dramatic and significant events in this town's storied past is the Capture of Wakefield, an audacious and strategic military engagement that took place during the First English Civil War. This fascinating episode is not only a testament to the tactical brilliance of Sir Thomas Fairfax but also a vivid illustration of the turbulent times that shaped the course of British history.

The Prelude to Battle

The year was 1643, and the First English Civil War had been raging for seven months. Tensions between King Charles I and Parliament had reached a boiling point, culminating in open conflict. Yorkshire, a key battleground, saw its loyalties divided. The Royalists, led by the Earl of Newcastle, had a strong foothold in the region, while the Parliamentarians, under the command of Ferdinando Fairfax, were striving to regain control.

In March 1643, Sir Thomas Fairfax, son of Ferdinando Fairfax, suffered a significant setback when his forces were defeated at the Battle of Seacroft Moor. With 800 of his men captured, Fairfax was under immense pressure to turn the tide. His plan was bold: to launch a surprise attack on the Royalist-held town of Wakefield, capture prisoners, and exchange them for his captured soldiers.

The Strategic Assault

On the night of May 20, 1643, Fairfax's forces gathered at Howley Hall, just northeast of Wakefield. His army, though outnumbered, was determined. Fairfax commanded around 1,500 men, including infantry, cavalry, and dragoons. The Royalists, led by George Goring, had a garrison of approximately 3,000 men in Wakefield.

At 2 a.m., Fairfax's troops launched a surprise attack on a Royalist outpost at Stanley, managing to overcome the defenders and push towards Wakefield. The town, though not fortified with walls, had hedges and barricades that provided some defense. The Royalists, alerted by the fleeing cavalry, stationed musketeers in the hedges and prepared for the onslaught.

The Battle Unfolds

Fairfax's forces split into two groups to attack from different directions. Sir Henry Foulis and William Fairfax led the assault on Northgate, while Thomas Fairfax and George Gifford attacked Warrengate. Despite being heavily outnumbered, the Parliamentarians fought fiercely. Gifford's infantry managed to capture a cannon and use it to break through the barricades, allowing the cavalry to charge into the town.

George Goring, the Royalist commander, was caught off guard. Reports vary about his condition that morning; some say he was ill, while others suggest he was suffering from a hangover. Regardless, Goring mounted a counterattack in his nightshirt but was ultimately defeated and captured by Lieutenant Alrud. The Parliamentarians pressed their advantage, capturing around 1,400 Royalist soldiers, including several high-ranking officers.

The Aftermath

The capture of Wakefield was a significant victory for the Parliamentarians. Fairfax's forces suffered minimal casualties, losing no more than seven men according to his own account. The Royalists, on the other hand, were dealt a severe blow. The Parliamentarians published propaganda celebrating their triumph and declaring it a divine victory.

In the wake of the battle, Fairfax prudently retreated to Leeds with his prisoners, wary of a potential counterattack from the larger Royalist army. However, instead of retaliating, the Earl of Newcastle withdrew his forces to York. George Goring was imprisoned in the Tower of London, and despite efforts to secure his release, he remained incarcerated until April 1644.

The capture of Wakefield temporarily shifted the balance of power in Yorkshire in favor of the Parliamentarians. Fairfax's bold strategy and the successful execution of the surprise attack demonstrated his military acumen and leadership. However, the victory was short-lived, as the Parliamentarians faced subsequent challenges, including a defeat at Aldwalton Moor in June 1643.

Legacy and Historical Significance

The Capture of Wakefield remains a remarkable episode in the annals of the English Civil War. It highlights the strategic importance of Yorkshire and the fierce determination of both Royalist and Parliamentarian forces. The battle is a testament to the complexities and shifting fortunes of war, where tactical brilliance and audacity can turn the tide even in the face of overwhelming odds.

Today, visitors to Wakefield can explore the town's rich history and imagine the dramatic events that unfolded on its streets centuries ago. The legacy of the capture lives on, a reminder of the bravery and resilience of those who fought in one of England's most tumultuous periods. As you walk through the historic streets of Wakefield, take a moment to reflect on the courage and determination that shaped the course of British history and left an indelible mark on this charming Yorkshire town.