Guildford Castle

Guildford Castle, nestled in the charming town of Guildford in Surrey, England, is a captivating historical gem that beckons visitors with its ancient allure and storied past. This medieval fortress, believed to have been constructed shortly after the Norman conquest of England in 1066, stands as a testament to the rich history and architectural prowess of the era.

The History of Guildford Castle

The origins of Guildford Castle are shrouded in the mists of time, with its construction attributed to William the Conqueror or one of his barons. The castle's absence from the Domesday Book of 1086 suggests that its construction likely began after this date. Initially, the castle featured a motte, a man-made mound surrounded by a ditch and a bailey protected by a wooden palisade. This early structure served as a lookout post for the soldiers stationed there.

As time passed, the castle underwent significant transformations. In the late 11th or early 12th century, a wall made of Bargate stone was constructed around the motte, creating what is known as a shell keep. By the 1130s, a more formidable keep, also made of Bargate stone, was added. This keep, with its quadrangular form and thick walls tapering towards the top, served as a private apartment for the King. The ground floor was windowless, while the first floor housed a main chamber, a chapel, and a wardrobe with a latrine. A second floor, added shortly thereafter, included a two-seater latrine, making the keep over 70 feet high. The roof was made of lead, and the inner walls were plastered and whitewashed.

Exploring Guildford Castle

Today, visitors to Guildford Castle can immerse themselves in its rich history and explore the remnants of its medieval grandeur. The keep, partially renovated in the early 21st century, now houses a visitor center that offers a fascinating glimpse into the castle's past. Written panels and a model of the castle as it appeared around 1300 provide valuable insights into its historical significance.

As you wander through the castle grounds, you'll be transported back in time to an era of knights and kings. The keep's sturdy walls and ancient stonework evoke a sense of awe and wonder. Climbing the staircase to the roof of the tower rewards you with breathtaking views of the surrounding landscape, including the picturesque town of Guildford and its scenic countryside.

The Royal Residence and Military Stronghold

Guildford Castle served not only as a royal residence but also as a military stronghold. Although it was never attacked, the castle was strengthened at various points in its history to withstand potential threats. During the civil war in Stephen's reign (1135-1154) and the rebellion of Henry II's sons (1173-1174), the keep is believed to have been heightened. In 1216, Prince Louis took possession of the castle during the First Barons' War against King John, though it saw no conflict.

The castle also played a role during the rebellion of Simon de Montfort in the 1260s. While there was no fighting at the castle itself, Prince Edward (the future Edward I) captured a rebel named Adam Gurdon in a battle at Alton and brought him to Guildford Castle. The castle was used as a mustering point during King Edward I's foreign wars.

Constables and Sheriffs

Throughout its history, Guildford Castle was overseen by various constables and sheriffs. In 1218, William de Coniers served as the castle's constable, followed by Elias de Maunsel in 1247 and William de Aguillon in 1259. The castle was used as a prison, and in 1307, Edward de Say, the keeper of the King's prisoners, was tasked with repairing the prison. In 1377, Sir Simon Burleigh, who had been tutor to Richard II, was appointed constable.

From the Fourteenth to the Twentieth Century

As the need for inland royal castles diminished, Guildford Castle fell into neglect. By the 1360s, a royal moated hunting lodge on the other side of the river had been improved and enlarged, becoming the preferred residence for visiting royalty. The royal apartments at the castle decayed, and by 1379, only the King's great chamber remained.

The castle keep continued to serve as a prison until 1487, when prisoners were moved to Lewes. In the 16th century, the Daborne family added brick windows and fireplaces to the castle. In 1611, James I granted the castle estate to Francis Carter. By the 1630s, the tower's roof was removed, and the castle grounds were used for farming and rented out. Around 1820, the Duke of Norfolk purchased the castle, and in 1885, Lord Grantley of Wonersh sold it to the Guildford Corporation. The tower and walls were restored, and the castle was opened to the public as pleasure gardens in 1888 to mark Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee.

The Gardens and Modern Day

Today, the gardens surrounding Guildford Castle are a popular attraction, showcasing a stunning array of colorful bedding centered around the 12th-century keep. A life-size statue of Alice Through the Looking Glass serves as a memorial to Lewis Carroll, who stayed nearby from 1868 until his death in 1898. The castle's old gatehouse now houses part of the Guildford Museum, which features a local history and archaeology collection, as well as a specialist needlework collection.

In conclusion, Guildford Castle is not just a historical monument but a living testament to the rich tapestry of England's past. Its ancient walls and picturesque gardens offer a captivating journey through time, making it an unmissable destination for history enthusiasts and casual visitors alike. Whether you're exploring the keep, enjoying the panoramic views, or strolling through the gardens, Guildford Castle promises a memorable and enriching experience for all who visit.